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Friday, 6 September 2013

ஜாதக கணிதம் --- வாக்கிய கணிதமுறை,-தொடர்ச்சி




,yf;dk; epd;w el;rj;jpughjk; fhz:
    Xh; ,uhrpapy; xd;gJ ghjq;fs; cs;sd. nfhLf;fg;gl;l cjhuz [hjfj;jpy;. ,yf;dk; mike;j ,uhrp fd;dpahFk;. fd;dpapYs;s 9 el;rj;jpu ghjq;fs;> cj;jpuk; - 2>3 kw;Wk; 4 > `];jk; - 1>2>3> kw;Wk; 4> rpj;jpiu -1 kw;Wk; 2 MFk;.

    ,e;j xd;gJ ghjq;fspy; ve;jg; ghjj;jpy; ,yf;dk; mike;Js;sJ vd;gijNa ehk; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;. vq;qdk;; fzf;fPL nra;tJ ? vd;gJ kpf vspjhdJ. fd;dpuhrpapd; nkhj;j ,uhrp ghpkhzj;ij tpdhbahf;fp 9 My; tFf;f tUk; tpilia>fd;dp ,uhrpapy; nrd;w ghpkhzj;jpypUe;J xt;nthU ghj ,uhrpkhdj;ijf; fopj;Jtu>ve;j ghjrhuj;jpy; fopf;f Kbahj epiy Vw;gLfpwNjh>mJNt ,yf;dk; epd;w ,uhrpghjkhFk;. Ghpe;jjh ? md;gh;fNs! re;Njfkwg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. ,d;p nray;Kiwf;F tUNthkh ?

  மதுரையின் nkhj;j ,uhrp ghpkhzk;   4.58;


,ij> tpdhbahf khw;w 60 My; ngUf;fp : 4 ×  60 + 58 = 298  ÷ 9 = 33 .tp.1 ghj msT                         ;xd;gjhy; tFf;fTk;.
,e;j xU ghj msthd 33 tpdhbfisf; fd;dpapy; nrd;w ghpkhzj;jpypUe;J fopf;fTk;.

fd;dpapy; nrd;w ghpkhzk;     =    2 -51               
Kjy; ghjk; - cj;jpuk; - 2 f;F =    0 -33 (--)

     2   - 18
 

2 Mk; ghjk; - cj;jpuk;-3 f;F  =    0 33 (--)                                ;;                           
 1 --45

3 Mk; ghjk;- cj;jpuk; -4 f;F  =   0 33 (--)
                                                                 1 - 12
4 ஆம் பாதம் அஸ்தம்-1                 0  - 33
                                                                 0 -  39

5Mk; ghjk; --`];jk; --2 f;F  =        033
 0 06

,jd;gb> mLj;j 0.33 tpdhb fopf;f KbahJ vd;gjhy; `];jk; -2 f;Fg; gpwF tUk; `];jk; -- 3 y; yf;dk; mikfpwJ. khztu;fs; Rygkhf Ghpe;Jnfhs;sNt ,g;gb fzpjk; nra;aglgl;lJ. ,ijNa RUf;fkhfr; nra;a  2×60 = 120 + 51 = 171 ÷ 33 = 5.18 .
/ 5 Mk; ghjk; fle;J 6 k; ghjkhd `];jk; - 3 Mk; ghjk; te;J tpl;ljy;yth ?


Mjpae;j guk ehopif:
     
      xU ehspd; 60 ehopiff;Fk; xNu el;rj;jpuk; tpahgpj;J ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xU [hjfh; gpwe;j md;W vd;d el;rj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpwJ. vt;tsT Neuj;jpw;F mUf;fpwJ vd;gij gQ;rhq;fj;jpd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.Mjp vd;why; Muk;gk;>me;jk; vd;why; KbT.xU el;rj;jpuk; njhlqfp>KbAk;tiu cs;s fhyNk Mjpae;j ghuk ehopifahFk;. ,jd; cjtpahy; [hjfu;pd; gpwe;j el;rj;jpu ghjj;ijAk;>fu;g;gr; nry; ePf;fp> jprhGj;jp ,Ug;igAk; fhzyhk;.
    [hjfu; gpwe;j Kjy; ehspy; xU el;rj;jpuj;jpd; Kd;gFjpAk; ,uz;lhk; ehspy; gpd;gFjpAk; tpahg;gpj;J ,Uf;Fk;.;; [hjfh; gpwe;j Neuj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW fPo;f;fz;l topKiwg;gb Mjpae;j guk ehopifiaf; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
    
     m) md;iwa el;rj;jpuk; Kbtjw;Fs; [hjfh; [dpj;jpUe;jhy;>me;j el;rj;jpuj;jpNyNa mtu; [dpj;jjhff; nfhs;f.
    
     [hjfh; gpwe;j ,e;j el;rj;jpuj;jpd; Mjpae;j guk ehopifiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f> xU ehspd; msthd 60 ehopifapypUe;J>Kjy;ehs; el;rj;jpu ,Ug;G ehopifiaf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpilahdJ> [hjfh; gpwe;j el;rj;jpuj;jpd; ;Kjy;ehs ,Ug;ghFk;.mjDld;; gpwe;jehspd; el;rj;jpu ,Ug;igf; $l;l tUtNj Mjpae;j guk ehopifahFk;.
    
    M). md;iwa el;rj;jpuj;jpd; ehopif Kbe;jgpd;  cjahjpehopif ,Ue;jhy; mLj;j el;rj;jpuj;jpy;>[hjfh; gpwe;jjhff; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
     
    [hjfh; gpwe;j el;rj;jpuj;jpd; Mjpae;j guk ehopif fzf;fpl> xU ehspd; nkhj;j ehopif msthd 60 ehopifapypUe;J>Kjy;ehs; el;rj;jpu ,Ug;igf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk. mt;thW fopj;jhy; [hjfh; gpwe;j md;W cs;s> gpwe;j el;rj;jpu ,Ug;G fpilf;Fk;. ,j;Jld; kWehs; el;rj;jpu ,Ug;igf; $l;l Mjpae;j guk ehopif fpilf;Fk;.

     khztu;fNs! Mjpae;j guk ehopif fz;Lgpbf;fj; jahuhfptpl;Bh;fsh ? [hjfh; gpwe;j md;iwa el;rj;jpuf; Fwpg;Gfis gQ;rhq;fj;jpypUe;J vLq;fs;. ekJ [hjfh; gpwe;j md;W> mjhtJ tp[a tUlk; Mb khjk; 12 k; ehs; (28-7-2013) Qhapw;Wf;fpoik> ,Nutjp el;rj;jpuk; ,Ug;G 42 25 ehopif MFk;. Kjy;ehshd Mb 11 y; cj;jpul;lhjp el;rj;jpuk; 40 40 ehopifahFk;. cjahjpehopif 11 15> md;iwa ,Nutjp ehopiff;Fs; tUtjhy; [hjfh; gpwe;jJ ,Nutjp el;rj;jpunkd KbT nra;fpNwhk;.
                                eh  -- tp
xU ehspd; fhy msT     ;;  =       60  - 00
Mb 11 cj;jpul;lhjp ,Ug;G  =       40  - 40                        
Mb 11 ,Nutjp ,Ug;G     =       19  - 20
Mb 12 ,Nutjp ,Ug;G     =       42  - 25
,Nutjp Mjpae;j guk ehopif =       61  - 45
                                -----------------                              
                             
cj;jpul;40-40

Nutjp
19 20
Nut
jp
42-25
Mjp 61-45
Mb11
60
eh                             


Mb12













cjahjp ehopif ------- 11 15 ehopif. [hjfh; gpwe;jJ Mb-12 Mk; Njjp.xU ehspd; msthd 60 ehopifapypUe;J Mb 11 Mk; Njjp cj;jpul;lhjp ,Ug;igf; fopj;J tUtJ Mb 12 k; Njjp ,Nutjp ,Ug;ghFk;. ,j;Jld; gpwe;j ehspd; ,Nutjp ,Ug;igf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.
re;jpud; epd;w el;rj;jpu ghjk; fhzy;:-

    xU el;rj;jpuj;jpw;F ehd;F ghjq;fs; vd;gJ ePq;fs; mwpe;j xd;Nw. ekf;F te;j tpilahd 61 45 ehopif vd;gJ ehd;F ghjj;jpd; msT vd;gjhy;> ,Nutjpapd; xU ghjj;jpw;fhd msitf; fhz>,ij 4 My; tFf;f Ntz;Le;jhNd ? ehd;F ghj msT =  61 – 45 ÷ 4  = 15  kPjp 1 – 45  ,ij tpdhbahf;fp 4 My; tFf;f   1× 60 +45  =  105 ÷ 4 = 26 ¼  tp. MFk;. vdNt xUghjj;jpd; msT 15 ehopif 26¼ tpdhb MFk;.
m) [hjfh; gpwe;j ehSf;F Kjy; ehs; el;rj;jpu ,Ug;igAk;> cjahjp ehopifAk; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.;

M) cjahjp ehopifapy; ,Ue;J [hjfh; gpwe;j el;rj;jpuj;jpd; Ke;ija el;rj;jpu
    ,Ug;igf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.
m.tpd; gb cjahjp ehopif       =  11--15
Kjy;ehs; ,Nutjp ,Ug;G          = 19--20         ;                     
,Nutjpel;rj;jpuj;jpd;;nry;;ehopif=
    30-35

,Nutjp el;rj;jpuj;jpd; Mjpae;j guk ehopif 61 45 >4 ghjnkdpy; 1 ghjk; 1526 ¼ vd Kd;dNu fz;Nlhk;.

,Nutjp el;rj;jpu nry; -- 30 -35.,jpy; 15 .26 If; fopj;Jtu  kPjp 15 09 MFk;.,jpy;   mLj;j ghj msthd 15.26 If; fopf;f KbahJ>vdNt> ,Nutjp 2 ,y; re;jpud; ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,Nutjp el;rj;jpuk; kPdj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy;> mJNt [hjfupd; n[d;k ,uhrpahFk;. ,Nutjp el;rj;jpuk; GjDf;FupaJ. Gjdpd; jprh Mz;L 17 MFk;.

,dp jrh ,Ug;G fhzNtz;Lk; :- jrh tUlq;fs; vd;gJ> ehk; fz;Lgpbj;j Mjpme;j guk ehopiff;Fr; rkkhdJ. mjhtJ 61 45 M.m.g ehopif = 17 jrh tUlq;fs;. Mjp me;j guk ehopifapypUe;J>el;rj;jpu ,Ug;G ehopiff;Fj; jrh ,Ug;G fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;.

jrh ,Ug;Gf; fhz :

el;rj;jpu ,Ug;G × jrh tUlk;
-------------------------------------------------------; = jrh ,Ug;G
  Mjp me;j guk ehopif
Mb khjk; 12 Mk; Njjp gpwe;j [hjfUf;Fj; jrh ,Ug;Gf; fzf;fpLNthk;.
n[d;k el;rj;jpuk; Nutjp Gjd; jpir 17 tUlk;.
Mjpae;j guk ehopif       =     61 45
,Nutjp el;rj;jpu nry; (--)   =      30 35
                             --------------------
,Nutjp el;rj;jpu ,Ug;G    =       31 10
,f; fzpjk; nra;Ak; NghJ ehopifia tpdhbahf khw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

vdNt 31 × 60 + 10 = 1870 × 17 = 31,790                                                     61 × 60 + 45 = 3705                     31790
                      / jrh tUlk; = ----------   = 8 . 5803. ( 8 vd;gJ jrh tUlk;)
                                           




                                                3705         
,jpy; fhy;FNyl;lupy; 8. If; fopj;jhy; .5803 I 12 My; ngUf;f 6.9636 tUk;.,jpy; 6 vd;gJ khjj;ijf;Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j tpilapy; 6 If; fopj;Jtpl;L 30 My; ngUf;f 28.908 tUk;. ,ij 28 ehl;fshf vLj;jf; nfhs;syhk;. vdNt                           

Gjd; kfh jrh ,Ug;G -- 8 tUlk; 6 khjk; 28 ehl;fshFk;.
     gQ;rhq;fj;jpypUe;J fpuf epiyfisg; ghu;j;J fpuf ghjrhuq;fisg; ghu;j;J>ml;ltiz mikf;fTk;. mij itj;Jj;jhd; [hjfupd; ,uhrpf;fl;lk;>ethk;rk; kw;Wk; jpNufhzk; Mfpa fl;lq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tp[a tUlk; Mb khjk; 12 k; ehSf;fhd fpuf ghjrhu ml;ltiz:
fpufq;fs;
el;rj;jpuk;
ghjk;
#hpad;
G+rk;
3
re;jpud;
,Nutjp
2
nrt;tha;
jpUthjpiu
3
Gjd;
Gdu;G+rk;
1
FU
jpUthjpiu;
2
Rf;fpud;
kfk;
4
rdp
Rthjp
2
,uhF
Rthjp
4
NfJ
guzp
3

 ,uhrpr; rf;fuk; mikj;jy;:

NkNy cs;s fpuf ghjrhu ml;ltizglgb xU Fwpg;gpl;l  el;rj;jpughjk; ve;j uhrpapy; ,lk;ngWfpwNjh;>me;j ,uhrpapy fpufq;fis ,lNtz;Lk;.;


NfJ

nrt;
;FU
Gjd;



  ,uhrp
#hp

Rf;


rdp
,uhF
,yf;

Gjd; jrh ,Ug;G : 8 tUlk; 6 khjk; 28 ehs;.

ethk;r rf;fuk; mikj;jy; :
     
 md;G khztu;fNs! ,uhrpf;fl;lk; mikg;gJ gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;. ,e;j ,uhrpf;fl;lj;ij kl;Lk; itj;Jf; nfhz;L njspthd gyd; ciug;gJ fbdk;. vdNt> ethk;rf;fl;l mikg;igAk;> el;rj;jpu ghjhrhuq;fis etk;rf;fl;lj;ijg; ghu;j;jTld; nrhy;Yk; msTf;Fg; gapw;rp ngw;why;jhd;; mJ rhj;jpakhFk;.. vdNt> khztu;fs;> mjpf ftdKld;> jpUg;gj; jpUk;gg; gapw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.; ,J Xh; ,uhrpia xd;gJ ghfq;fshfg; gpupj;J mikf;Fk; fl;lk; vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Nk\k; Kjy; flfk; tiu Nk\ kz;lyk; (NfJ>re;jpud;>FUtpd; el;rj;jpuq;fs;); -- rpk;kk; Kjy; tpUr;rpfk; tiu -- rpk;k kz;lyk; (Rf;>nrt;tha;>rdpapd; el;rj;jpuq;fs;)> jDR Kjy; kPdk; tiu jDR kz;lyk;. (#hpad;>,uhF>Gjdpd; el;rj;jpuq;fs;)



Nk\kz;lyk; - NfJ>re;>FU                              rpk;kkz;lyk;-Rf;>nrt;>;rdp                                               



                  jDR kz;lyk; - #hp>,uhF- Gjd;

,uhF
Gjd;

,yf;;
nrt;
;


 ethk;rk;

Rf;
re;;>rdp
FU



#hp
NfJ

jpNufhzr; rf;fuk; mikj;jy;:
     ,uhrpia %d;W rk ghfkhfg; gphpj;J> mjd;;gb miktJ jpNufhzr; rf;ukhFk;. Xh; ,uhrpapd; 30 ghifia gj;J ghif nfhz;l %d;W gphpthf;fp> Kjy; gj;Jg; ghifia> mNj ,uhrpapYk;> 2 tJ gpupit 5 tJ ,uhrpapYk;> 3 tJ gpupit 9 tJ ,uhrpapYkhf ,l Ntz;Lk;.




;;
Gjd;
;rdp
,uhF


 jpNufhzk;


,yf;
;
NfJ
Rf;
#hp>re;
nrt;;
FU


khzt ez;gh;fNs! thf;fpa Kiwg;gb vt;thW [hjfk; fzpg;gJ vd;W ghh;j;Njhk;. ,f; fzpj Kiwfis KOtJkhfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s>gyKiw jpUk;gj; jpUk;g nra;J ghh;j;J gapw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ kpf mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. rpj;jpuKk; ifg; gof;fk; vd;gJ Nghy;> vjw;FNk gapw;rp kpf mtrpakhfpwJ. mlj;J> jpUf;fzpj Kiwg;gb vq;qdk; [hjf fzpjk; nra;tJ vd;W ghh;g;Nghk;. ;





fzpj;j [hjfk; rhpjhனா vd rhp ghh;f;Fk; topfs; ahit ?
1.   #hpad;>rhpahd jkpo; khjj;jpw;Fhpa ,uhrpapy;; cs;shuh vd;gijg; ghh;f;fTk;.
2.   Rf;fpud;>Gjd; Mfpa fpufq;fs; #hpaDf;F Kd;gpd; %d;W fl;lq;fSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
3.   ,uhF NfJ rkrg;jkkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
4.   ,uhrpf;fl;lj;jpy; #hpaDld;>xNu ,uhrpapy; ,ize;Js;s fpufq;fs; ethkrj;jpy; #hpaDf;F Kd;gpd; ,uhrpfspNyh my;yJ #hpaDld; ,ize;jpUe;jhNyh> m];jkdkhfpa epiyapypUf;Fk;.;
5.   ;; [hjfh; gfypy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;>#hpad; epd;w ,uhrpf;F 7 ,uhrpf;Fs; ,yf;fk; mikAk;. ,uT vdpy; 7 ,y; ,Ue;J 12 tJ uhrpf;Fs; ,yf;dk; mikAk;.
6.   #hpaDf;F 6>7>8 tJ ,uhrpfspy; FU>rdp> nrt;tha; ,Ue;jhy;>tf;u epiy milAk;.
7.   tsh;gpiw fhy;jpy;>#hpaDf;F>7 ,uhrpf;Fs;Sk;>Njagpiwf; fhyj;jpy;7 12 f;Fs;s ,uhrpfspy; re;jpud; epiy ngWthh;.
                         
Asdfghjkl;asdfghjkl;qasdfghjklkjhgfdsa ;;


     fbfhu epkplj;jpw;F chpa> fhy;FNyl;lh; epkplk;;
fep
fhep
fep
fhep
fep
fhep
fep
fhep
fep
fhep
fep
fhep
1
02
11
18
21
35
31
52
41
68
51
85
2
03
12
20
22
37
32
53
42
70
52
87
3
05
13
22
23
38
33
55
43
72
53
88
4
07
14
23
24
40
34
57
44
73
54
90
5
08
15
25
25
42
35
58
45
75
55
92
6
10
16
27
26
43
36
60
46
77
56
93
7
12
17
28
27
45
37
62
47
78
57
95
8
13
18
30
28
47
38
63
48
80
58
97
9
15
19
32
29
48
39
65
49
82
59
98
10
17
20
33
30
50
40
67
50
83
60
100

                f.ep. fbfhu epkplk;. ---------------------- fh.ep. fhy;FNyl;lu; epkplk;.










Thursday, 5 September 2013

வாக்கிய கணிதம்- இலக்னம் காண




[hjf fzpj Kiwfs;;
    md;G> = mfj;jpau; N[hjplg;gapw;;rp ika mUik khzth;fNs ! N[hjplg; gapw;rpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd gFjp [hjf fzpjk; nra;tjhFk;. xUtUf;F Vd; [hjfk; vOjg;gLfpwJ ? - vd;gjw;Fg; gytpj tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> gok;ngUk;; ghly;fspy; [hjfk; vOJtijg;gw;wp vd;d Fw;g;gplg;gpLfpd;wd vd;gijg;gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;.
cj;jpufhykph;;jk; nrhy;tnjd;d ?;
        [ddP [d;k nrsf;fpahdhk;>th;j;jdPk; Fy rk;gjhk;
        gjtPk; G+h;t Gz;ahdhk; ypf;aNj n[d;k gj;hpfh.
    
    [hjfk; vOJk;NghJ Nkw;nrhd;d RNyhfNk  md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu Kjyhtjhf vOjg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghd;W IahRthkpak; -; vDk; jkpo;r; nra;ASk; ,Nj fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ.

         rPuhUk; nrd;kRfk; nra;FtJ ck; Fyj;jpd;
         VuhUk; nry;t tsk; Vw;WtJk; -- Njuh
         Kdk; nra;j ey;tpidapd; Kd;D topAkhk;
         rdd gj;jpuk; vOJjy;.

    ,g;ghly;fspd; %ykhf ehk; RUf;fkhf mwpeJnfhs;Sk; fUj;Jf;fs; ahnjdpy;>xUth; jdJ Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j ghtGz;zpaq;fSf;F>,g gpwtpapy; mDgtpf;fg;NghFk; ey;tpid>jPatpidg; gyd;fisAk;>mjdhy; [hjfUf;F Vw;gLk; Rfnrsf;fpaq;fs;>nry;t tsq;fs; ngUFjy;>gjtpfs; miljy; Nghd;witfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Nf mtUf;F [hjfk; vOjg;gLfpwJ.;

    Foe;ij gpwe;jJ Kjy; jpUkzkhfp tho;f;if elj;Jk; fhyj;jpy;>Kf;fpakhd 16 rk;];fhuhf;fs; -- vDk; flikfspy; [hjf fh;kh vDk [hjfk; vOJjy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.

    ,t;thW vOjg;gLk; [hjfkhdJ> [hjfUf;F mth; gzk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; xU ez;gidg; NghyTk;>gazq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ke;jphpiag; NghyTk>Mgj;Jf; fhyq;fspy; flypy; jj;jspf;Fk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; kpjit NghyTk; cjtp nra;fpwJ;--vd rhuhtspia vOjpa fy;ahzth;kh Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.;

    xU [hjfj;ijf; fzpf;f ehk;> gQ;rhq;fj;ijAk;>vgpnkhP]; vDk; fpuf epiyfisf; nfhz;l ml;ltiziaAk; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. thf;fpa Kiw kw;Wk; jpUf;fzpj Kiw -- vd ,UNtW tpjkhd [hjf fzpj Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; jpUf;fzpjg; gQ;rhq;fNk ;;Jy;ypakhd fpuf epiyfisj; jUtjhFk;.
   
thf;fpa Kiwg;gb [hjfk; fzpf;fj; Njitahd tpguq;fs; ahit ?

1.   [hjfh; gpwe;j Neuk;.
2.   gpwe;j ehs; :- jkpo; Mz;L>khjk;> Njjp; kw;Wk; fpoikAld; mjw;F ,izahd Mq;fpy tUlk;>khjk; kw;Wk; Njjp Mfpait;
3.   gpwe;j ,lk; :- gpwe;j Chpd; mlrhk;rk;;>jPh;f;;fhk;rk; kw;Wk; ,uhrpkhdq;fs.;
4.   gpwe;j ehspd;> me;j CUf;fhd #hpa cjak;.
5.   md;iwa ,yf;d ,Ug;G.
6.   fpufepiyfs; mwpa ghjhrhu tpguq;fs;.
7.   gpwe;j ehspd; el;rj;jpuk;> jpjp>Nahfk;>fuzk; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;. NjitfF Vw;g Kjy;ehs; my;yJ kWehSf;fhd el;rj;jpu ,Ug;G. gb 2 Kjy; 7 tiuf;fhd tpguq;fs; mwpa me;j Mz;Lf;fhd thf;fpa gQ;rhq;fk; MfpaitahFk;.
 ;
    ,dp>[hjfk; vOJtjw;F Kd;dh; ehk; ,yf;dk; vd;why; vd;d ? mij vt;tpjk; mikg;gJ ? ,yf;dj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtnkd;d ? vd;gij mwpjy; mtrpakhfpwJ. fzpjq;fisr; nra;Ak;NghJ xU Ritahd ehtiyg; gbg;gJ Nghd;w czh;it khzth;fs; ngwNtz;LNkad;wp> rypg;ngh>rq;flNkhapd;wp Gjpa fiyiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk; kl;LNk neQ;rpy; epyt Ntz;Lk;.

    xUth; gpwe;j Neuj;ijf; nfhz;L [hjfj;jpy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,yf;fpdk; mikAk; vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;dk; mikg;gJ fbdkhd Ntiy ,y;iy vd;whYk;> khzth;fs; fzpjq;fisf; ftdkhfj; njhpe;J nfhs;sNtz;ba Kf;fpag; gFjpahFk;.
   
    G+kpahdJ 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;F xUKiw jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhs;fpwJ vd;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. mt;tpjk;> G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wfpd;w 24 kzpNeuj;jpy;> ve;j Ntisapy; xU [ddk; epfo;fpd;wNjh me;j ,lj;ijj;jhd; ,yf;fpdk;vd;fpNwhk;. rhjuzkhfg; Ngr;Rthf;fpy; khiy 4 kzpf;Ff; Foe;ij gpwe;jJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtij> ,uhrpf;fl;lj;jpy; FwpapLtNj ,yf;fpdk; MFk;. 12 ,uhrpfSk; fhiy Kjy;> kWehs; fhiy tiuAk; te;J Nghfpd;wd. xU [Ptd; cjpj;j fhyj;jpy; ve;j ,uhrpapd; fhyk; epfo;e;jJ vd;W nrhy;YtNj ,yf;fpdkhFk;. gQ;rhq;fj;jpYs;s gy;NtW tpguq;fisj; jpul;b [hjfh; mDgtpf;ff; $ba ey;y kw;Wk; jPagyd;fisj; jPh;khdpf;Fk;> [hjfj;jpd; Jtf;fg; Gs;spNa ,yf;dkhFk;.
    xU ehspy; #hpad; xt;nthU ,uhrpf;Fk; xsp jUk; fhy msitj; njhpe;J nfhs;sj; jf;fthW ekJ Kd;Ndhh; Nk\ ,uhrp Kjy;>kPd ,uhrptiuahd xt;nthU ,uhrpf;fhd ,uhrp ghpkhz msit>mjhtJ jpdrhp ,uhrpfs; epfOk; fhy msit ehopifapy; $wpAs;sdu;. mijf; fhz;Nghkh ? ,it nghJthd ,uhrpkhdk; Mjyhy;> khzth;fs;> gQ;rhq;fq;fspy;>me;je;j CUf;fhd ml;rhk;rj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,uhrpkhdg;gb fzpjk; nra;tNj Jy;ypakhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij epidtpy;; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

kPdk;;
4.15
Nk\k;
4.15
up\gk;
;4.45
kpJdk;;
5.15

1.42
1.42
1.54
2.06
Fk;gk;;
4.45
,uhrpkhdk;
ehopif-tpdhb                                ;
flfk;
;5.30
1.54
,uhrpkhdk;
kzp epkplj;jpy;
2.12

kfuk;;
5.15
rpk;kk;
;5.15
2.06
2.06

5.30
5.15
5.00
5.00
2.12
2.06
2.00
2.00



,yf;d fzpjk; nra;Ak; Kiwia tpsf;Ff:

1.   [hjfh; gpwe;j Neuj;jpypUe;J>gpwe;j CUf;fhd #hpa cjaj;ijf; fopf;f ntz;Lk;
2.   fopj;J te;j kzp epkplq;fis>1 kzp Neuj;jpw;F 2½ ehopif vd;w fzf;fpd;gb> ehopif tpdhbfshf khw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,ij cjahjp ehopif my;yJ [dd ehopif vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
3.   ( 1 epkplk; = 2½ tpdhb ;  60 tpdhb = 1 ehopif ;  24 epkplk; = 1 ehopif ;     1 kzp = 2½  ehopif;  24 kzp = 60 ehopif. epidtpw; nfhs;f.)
4.   ,e;j [dd ehopifapypUe;J md;iwa ,uhrp ,Ug;igf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5.   fope;J te;j ,uhrpkhdj;jpypUe;J>xt;nthU ,uhrpf;fhd ,uhrpkhdq;fisf; fopj;Jtu>ve;j ,uhrpapy; fopf;f Kbahj epiy tUfpwNjh> me;j ,uhrpNa ,yf;dkhFk;.;
6.   [d;k yf;dkhf mike;j ,uhrpapd; nkhj;j ,uhrpkhd ehopifia> 9 My; tFf;f tUk; <thdJ xU ghj;jpd; msthFk;. ,ij itj;J xh; ,uhrpapYs;s 9 ghjq;fspy; ve;jg; ghjj;jpy; ,yf;dk; mikfpwJ vdf; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;;. ,e;jpa N[hjplj;jpy; ,yf;dk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;.

cjhuz thf;fpa fzpjk;:

1.   ,yf;d fzpjk; :-

     [hjfh; [dd ehSf;Fhpa gQ;rhq;fj;ijf; nfhz;L chpa tpguq;fisr; Nrfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. [hjfh; gpwe;j Neuj;jpypUe;J>[dd ehSf;Fupa #hpa cjaj;ijf; fopj;J tUk; tpilia 2½ klq;fhf Mf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ,uz;liuahy; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gNj #hpa cjahjp ehopifahFk;.
   
     kJiuapy; gpwe;j> [hjfh; gpwe;jNjjp> tp[a tUlk; Mb khjk; 12 k; ehs; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik (28-7-2013) md;W mtu; gpwe;j Neuk; fhiy 10 43. kJiuapy;; md;iwa jpd #hpa cjak; fhiy 6 13 kzpahFk; (gf;fk; 85);. flf ,uhrpapUg;G 322 MFk;. ,e;j tpguq;fs; tp[a tUl =rPdpth]d; gQ;rhq;fj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. gf;fk; 83 y; cs;sgb kJiu ml;rhk;rj;Jf;fhd rpk;k ,uhrpkhdk;; 5.02 MFk;.;
   
mLj;J>cjahjp ehopif fhz;Nghk; :
            
                                       kzp- epkp
             [hjfh; gpwe;j Neuk; =     fhiy 10 43
            #hpacja Neuk; =;        fhiy  6 -- 13
 4 - 30
 #hpacjaj;jpw;Fg;gpwF =                     4  -30
             [hjfh; gpwe;j Neuk;.
 ,e;j 4 kzp 30 epkplj;ij ehopifahf;f 2½ My;; ngUf;fNtz;Lk;.
    4 30 × 5/2 =  11 ehopif 15 tpdhb.  my;yJ ,e;j 4-30 I ,uz;liuklq;fhf;fpAk; #hpa cjahjpehopifiaf; fhzyhk;.
1 klq;F-2klq;F- miuklq;F
 

 
1.30     + 4.30  + 2.15 = 11 eh. 15 tp. ,JNt cjahjp ehopif.

khzth;fNs ! cjahjp ehopif fzf;fpLtJ Rygk;jhNd. Ghpe;jjh ? mLj;J mLj;J tUk; ,uhrpkhdq;fisf; fopj;J ,yf;d epiyia mwpNthkh ?
[hjfh; kJiuapy; gpwe;jtuhjyhy;>kJiuapd; ml;rhk;rkhd 10° f;F chpa ,uhrpkhdj;ijNa gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk.;;
  
   cjahjp ehopif     11 15  vdf; fz;Nlhk; ,jpypUe;J md;iwa flf ,uhrpkhd ,Ug;igf; fopf;f          3 --  22.
7  -- 53
  rpk;k ,uhrpkhdk;         5  -- 02         
2  -- 51
 ,e;j 2 51 fd;dp ,uhrpapy; nrd;w ehopif>fd;dp ,uhrpapd; nkhj;j ,uhrpkhdkhd 4-58 ,y; ,Ue;J fopf;f KbahJ. vdNt fd;dp ,uhrapNyNa ,yf;dk; mikfpwJ vdf; nfhs;f.